{
 "metadata": {
  "purpose": "Rule-based peer sets for Berlin, derived from published state data by a stated formula rather than selected by hand.",
  "built_by": "Data/build_peer_sets.py",
  "recipe": "python Data/fetch_ct_ucoa.py && python Data/build_peer_sets.py",
  "input_file": "src/data/ct_ucoa_town_indicators.json",
  "source": "CT Office of Policy and Management — Municipal Fiscal Indicators (Uniform Chart of Accounts program)",
  "dataset_id": "ej6f-y2wf",
  "source_url": "https://data.ct.gov/resource/ej6f-y2wf.json",
  "pulled": "2026-08-25",
  "dataset_last_updated": "2026-03-03",
  "match_year": "FY 22-23 (OPM fiscal_year_end 2023)",
  "rule": "Standardize each variable across all towns (log-transforming the skewed size and wealth variables), then rank towns by Euclidean distance to Berlin in that standardized space. Variables are equally weighted. Nearest 12 are the peer set.",
  "why_logs": "Population, enrollment, and grand list per resident are heavily right-skewed. On raw values a few outlier towns dominate the variance and flatten real differences among mid-sized towns; on logs, the unit of distance becomes 'twice as big', which is the comparison that makes sense here.",
  "weighting_note": "Equal weights are a stated choice, not a fact. They were not tuned to produce a particular list.",
  "wealth_proxy_note": "Equalized net grand list per resident stands in for community wealth: it is the tax base per person restated to full market value, and it is the quantity that constrains what a mill rate can raise. Median household income would be a useful additional variable but the Census ACS API now requires a key.",
  "relationship_to_existing_sets": "Additional, not a replacement. The hand-built sets (Surrounding towns, DRG D) remain in use everywhere they already appear. Where this set and those sets disagree, the disagreement is itself worth showing.",
  "drg_note": "CT SDE District Reference Groups were created in 1996, last reassigned in 2006 on roughly 2000-census inputs, and have not been updated since. They were designed to compare school districts on family demographics — appropriate for education questions, not for municipal operations, and blind to town size.",
  "excluded": [
   "Groton (city)"
  ],
  "dropped_for_missing_data": [],
  "town_count_ranked": 169
 },
 "target": "Berlin",
 "variable_stats": {
  "population": {
   "label": "Population (CT DPH estimate)",
   "log_transformed": true,
   "mean_of_transformed": 9.392518,
   "stdev_of_transformed": 1.111223,
   "target_raw": 20429
  },
  "enrollment": {
   "label": "Average Daily Membership enrollment",
   "log_transformed": true,
   "mean_of_transformed": 7.309335,
   "stdev_of_transformed": 1.228189,
   "target_raw": 2691.46
  },
  "grand_list_per_capita": {
   "label": "Equalized net grand list per resident",
   "log_transformed": true,
   "mean_of_transformed": 12.211418,
   "stdev_of_transformed": 0.467644,
   "target_raw": 207324.221744
  },
  "school_age_share": {
   "label": "Enrollment as a share of population",
   "log_transformed": false,
   "mean_of_transformed": 0.127697,
   "stdev_of_transformed": 0.027724,
   "target_raw": 0.131747
  },
  "unemployment": {
   "label": "Unemployment rate, annual average",
   "log_transformed": false,
   "mean_of_transformed": 0.030079,
   "stdev_of_transformed": 0.00449,
   "target_raw": 0.0282
  }
 },
 "peer_sets": {
  "municipal": {
   "label": "Municipal peers",
   "purpose": "Town-side spending, debt, reserves, and tax comparisons.",
   "variables": [
    {
     "key": "population",
     "label": "Population (CT DPH estimate)",
     "log_transformed": true
    },
    {
     "key": "grand_list_per_capita",
     "label": "Equalized net grand list per resident",
     "log_transformed": true
    },
    {
     "key": "school_age_share",
     "label": "Enrollment as a share of population",
     "log_transformed": false
    },
    {
     "key": "unemployment",
     "label": "Unemployment rate, annual average",
     "log_transformed": false
    }
   ],
   "peers": [
    "Rocky Hill",
    "East Lyme",
    "North Haven",
    "New Milford",
    "Suffield",
    "Oxford",
    "Cheshire",
    "East Hampton",
    "Newington",
    "Newtown",
    "Southbury",
    "Windsor"
   ],
   "ranked": [
    {
     "town": "Rocky Hill",
     "distance": 0.2419
    },
    {
     "town": "East Lyme",
     "distance": 0.2776
    },
    {
     "town": "North Haven",
     "distance": 0.3398
    },
    {
     "town": "New Milford",
     "distance": 0.3517
    },
    {
     "town": "Suffield",
     "distance": 0.439
    },
    {
     "town": "Oxford",
     "distance": 0.5134
    },
    {
     "town": "Cheshire",
     "distance": 0.5508
    },
    {
     "town": "East Hampton",
     "distance": 0.6139
    },
    {
     "town": "Newington",
     "distance": 0.6195
    },
    {
     "town": "Newtown",
     "distance": 0.6322
    },
    {
     "town": "Southbury",
     "distance": 0.6491
    },
    {
     "town": "Windsor",
     "distance": 0.7057
    },
    {
     "town": "Wethersfield",
     "distance": 0.708
    },
    {
     "town": "North Branford",
     "distance": 0.7462
    },
    {
     "town": "Brookfield",
     "distance": 0.7784
    },
    {
     "town": "Wallingford",
     "distance": 0.7839
    },
    {
     "town": "Bethel",
     "distance": 0.7932
    },
    {
     "town": "Southington",
     "distance": 0.7982
    },
    {
     "town": "Cromwell",
     "distance": 0.8082
    },
    {
     "town": "Guilford",
     "distance": 0.8118
    },
    {
     "town": "Groton",
     "distance": 0.8424
    },
    {
     "town": "Haddam",
     "distance": 0.8951
    },
    {
     "town": "Somers",
     "distance": 0.9024
    },
    {
     "town": "Waterford",
     "distance": 0.9131
    },
    {
     "town": "Canton",
     "distance": 0.9313
    },
    {
     "town": "Watertown",
     "distance": 0.932
    },
    {
     "town": "Colchester",
     "distance": 0.9411
    },
    {
     "town": "Granby",
     "distance": 0.9519
    },
    {
     "town": "Ellington",
     "distance": 0.9558
    },
    {
     "town": "Coventry",
     "distance": 0.9664
    },
    {
     "town": "Burlington",
     "distance": 1.0073
    },
    {
     "town": "Montville",
     "distance": 1.0693
    },
    {
     "town": "Clinton",
     "distance": 1.071
    },
    {
     "town": "Windsor Locks",
     "distance": 1.0752
    },
    {
     "town": "Middlebury",
     "distance": 1.1194
    },
    {
     "town": "Ledyard",
     "distance": 1.139
    },
    {
     "town": "Prospect",
     "distance": 1.1393
    },
    {
     "town": "Hebron",
     "distance": 1.1418
    },
    {
     "town": "Woodstock",
     "distance": 1.1446
    },
    {
     "town": "New Hartford",
     "distance": 1.1507
    },
    {
     "town": "Farmington",
     "distance": 1.1787
    },
    {
     "town": "Portland",
     "distance": 1.1836
    },
    {
     "town": "Lebanon",
     "distance": 1.1856
    },
    {
     "town": "New Fairfield",
     "distance": 1.1923
    },
    {
     "town": "Madison",
     "distance": 1.1998
    },
    {
     "town": "Plainville",
     "distance": 1.2078
    },
    {
     "town": "East Haddam",
     "distance": 1.209
    },
    {
     "town": "Harwinton",
     "distance": 1.2464
    },
    {
     "town": "Woodbury",
     "distance": 1.2537
    },
    {
     "town": "Simsbury",
     "distance": 1.2594
    },
    {
     "town": "Marlborough",
     "distance": 1.2864
    },
    {
     "town": "Avon",
     "distance": 1.2936
    },
    {
     "town": "Killingworth",
     "distance": 1.3124
    },
    {
     "town": "Tolland",
     "distance": 1.3171
    },
    {
     "town": "West Hartford",
     "distance": 1.3389
    },
    {
     "town": "Danbury",
     "distance": 1.3562
    },
    {
     "town": "Bloomfield",
     "distance": 1.3617
    },
    {
     "town": "North Stonington",
     "distance": 1.3661
    },
    {
     "town": "Milford",
     "distance": 1.3862
    },
    {
     "town": "Redding",
     "distance": 1.3871
    },
    {
     "town": "Wolcott",
     "distance": 1.3978
    },
    {
     "town": "Enfield",
     "distance": 1.4011
    },
    {
     "town": "Columbia",
     "distance": 1.4132
    },
    {
     "town": "Orange",
     "distance": 1.4297
    },
    {
     "town": "Branford",
     "distance": 1.4311
    },
    {
     "town": "Pomfret",
     "distance": 1.4362
    },
    {
     "town": "Bolton",
     "distance": 1.482
    },
    {
     "town": "Glastonbury",
     "distance": 1.497
    },
    {
     "town": "Plainfield",
     "distance": 1.5172
    },
    {
     "town": "Stonington",
     "distance": 1.5206
    },
    {
     "town": "Beacon Falls",
     "distance": 1.5238
    },
    {
     "town": "Litchfield",
     "distance": 1.5365
    },
    {
     "town": "Norwalk",
     "distance": 1.5433
    },
    {
     "town": "Canterbury",
     "distance": 1.5511
    },
    {
     "town": "Seymour",
     "distance": 1.5533
    },
    {
     "town": "Salem",
     "distance": 1.5627
    },
    {
     "town": "Bethany",
     "distance": 1.5681
    },
    {
     "town": "East Windsor",
     "distance": 1.5721
    },
    {
     "town": "Durham",
     "distance": 1.6174
    },
    {
     "town": "Brooklyn",
     "distance": 1.6294
    },
    {
     "town": "Shelton",
     "distance": 1.6336
    },
    {
     "town": "Stafford",
     "distance": 1.6348
    },
    {
     "town": "Middlefield",
     "distance": 1.6386
    },
    {
     "town": "Barkhamsted",
     "distance": 1.6444
    },
    {
     "town": "Fairfield",
     "distance": 1.6495
    },
    {
     "town": "Thompson",
     "distance": 1.654
    },
    {
     "town": "Deep River",
     "distance": 1.6593
    },
    {
     "town": "Old Lyme",
     "distance": 1.7214
    },
    {
     "town": "Willington",
     "distance": 1.7396
    },
    {
     "town": "Putnam",
     "distance": 1.7414
    },
    {
     "town": "Easton",
     "distance": 1.7656
    },
    {
     "town": "Thomaston",
     "distance": 1.776
    },
    {
     "town": "Griswold",
     "distance": 1.7842
    },
    {
     "town": "Chester",
     "distance": 1.7869
    },
    {
     "town": "Manchester",
     "distance": 1.8093
    },
    {
     "town": "Hamden",
     "distance": 1.8171
    },
    {
     "town": "Middletown",
     "distance": 1.8307
    },
    {
     "town": "Woodbridge",
     "distance": 1.8358
    },
    {
     "town": "East Granby",
     "distance": 1.8445
    },
    {
     "town": "East Haven",
     "distance": 1.8619
    },
    {
     "town": "Vernon",
     "distance": 1.8814
    },
    {
     "town": "Monroe",
     "distance": 1.8991
    },
    {
     "town": "Torrington",
     "distance": 1.9285
    },
    {
     "town": "Westbrook",
     "distance": 1.9295
    },
    {
     "town": "Voluntown",
     "distance": 1.9409
    },
    {
     "town": "Stamford",
     "distance": 1.9501
    },
    {
     "town": "Killingly",
     "distance": 1.9984
    },
    {
     "town": "Andover",
     "distance": 2.0
    },
    {
     "town": "Preston",
     "distance": 2.0259
    },
    {
     "town": "South Windsor",
     "distance": 2.0421
    },
    {
     "town": "Naugatuck",
     "distance": 2.0469
    },
    {
     "town": "Trumbull",
     "distance": 2.0516
    },
    {
     "town": "Old Saybrook",
     "distance": 2.088
    },
    {
     "town": "Stratford",
     "distance": 2.0944
    },
    {
     "town": "Chaplin",
     "distance": 2.116
    },
    {
     "town": "Bristol",
     "distance": 2.1356
    },
    {
     "town": "Ridgefield",
     "distance": 2.1889
    },
    {
     "town": "Franklin",
     "distance": 2.1934
    },
    {
     "town": "Bozrah",
     "distance": 2.2124
    },
    {
     "town": "Ashford",
     "distance": 2.2332
    },
    {
     "town": "Sherman",
     "distance": 2.2667
    },
    {
     "town": "Essex",
     "distance": 2.3149
    },
    {
     "town": "Eastford",
     "distance": 2.3215
    },
    {
     "town": "West Haven",
     "distance": 2.3268
    },
    {
     "town": "Winchester",
     "distance": 2.3342
    },
    {
     "town": "New London",
     "distance": 2.3391
    },
    {
     "town": "Lisbon",
     "distance": 2.3562
    },
    {
     "town": "Sprague",
     "distance": 2.3915
    },
    {
     "town": "Hartland",
     "distance": 2.416
    },
    {
     "town": "Bethlehem",
     "distance": 2.421
    },
    {
     "town": "North Canaan",
     "distance": 2.4215
    },
    {
     "town": "Plymouth",
     "distance": 2.4476
    },
    {
     "town": "Morris",
     "distance": 2.5179
    },
    {
     "town": "Goshen",
     "distance": 2.6028
    },
    {
     "town": "Scotland",
     "distance": 2.6335
    },
    {
     "town": "New Haven",
     "distance": 2.6457
    },
    {
     "town": "Norwich",
     "distance": 2.6571
    },
    {
     "town": "Colebrook",
     "distance": 2.7009
    },
    {
     "town": "Ansonia",
     "distance": 2.769
    },
    {
     "town": "Derby",
     "distance": 2.8388
    },
    {
     "town": "Lyme",
     "distance": 2.875
    },
    {
     "town": "Meriden",
     "distance": 2.9671
    },
    {
     "town": "Wilton",
     "distance": 3.0648
    },
    {
     "town": "Greenwich",
     "distance": 3.0767
    },
    {
     "town": "Norfolk",
     "distance": 3.0833
    },
    {
     "town": "Hampton",
     "distance": 3.2255
    },
    {
     "town": "Kent",
     "distance": 3.2342
    },
    {
     "town": "East Hartford",
     "distance": 3.2383
    },
    {
     "town": "Union",
     "distance": 3.2425
    },
    {
     "town": "Weston",
     "distance": 3.2699
    },
    {
     "town": "Salisbury",
     "distance": 3.3142
    },
    {
     "town": "Canaan",
     "distance": 3.405
    },
    {
     "town": "Mansfield",
     "distance": 3.4401
    },
    {
     "town": "Bridgewater",
     "distance": 3.51
    },
    {
     "town": "Bridgeport",
     "distance": 3.5663
    },
    {
     "town": "New Canaan",
     "distance": 3.5683
    },
    {
     "town": "Westport",
     "distance": 3.5862
    },
    {
     "town": "Warren",
     "distance": 3.5939
    },
    {
     "town": "Cornwall",
     "distance": 3.6545
    },
    {
     "town": "Windham",
     "distance": 3.6848
    },
    {
     "town": "Sterling",
     "distance": 3.7392
    },
    {
     "town": "Washington",
     "distance": 3.8358
    },
    {
     "town": "New Britain",
     "distance": 3.9151
    },
    {
     "town": "Darien",
     "distance": 3.9749
    },
    {
     "town": "Roxbury",
     "distance": 4.0421
    },
    {
     "town": "Sharon",
     "distance": 4.4551
    },
    {
     "town": "Hartford",
     "distance": 5.1701
    },
    {
     "town": "Waterbury",
     "distance": 5.1805
    }
   ]
  },
  "school": {
   "label": "School peers",
   "purpose": "Education spending comparisons.",
   "variables": [
    {
     "key": "enrollment",
     "label": "Average Daily Membership enrollment",
     "log_transformed": true
    },
    {
     "key": "grand_list_per_capita",
     "label": "Equalized net grand list per resident",
     "log_transformed": true
    },
    {
     "key": "school_age_share",
     "label": "Enrollment as a share of population",
     "log_transformed": false
    }
   ],
   "peers": [
    "East Lyme",
    "Rocky Hill",
    "New Milford",
    "Windsor",
    "North Haven",
    "Cromwell",
    "Suffield",
    "Oxford",
    "Windsor Locks",
    "Cheshire",
    "East Hampton",
    "Newington"
   ],
   "ranked": [
    {
     "town": "East Lyme",
     "distance": 0.0733
    },
    {
     "town": "Rocky Hill",
     "distance": 0.0936
    },
    {
     "town": "New Milford",
     "distance": 0.2633
    },
    {
     "town": "Windsor",
     "distance": 0.3072
    },
    {
     "town": "North Haven",
     "distance": 0.331
    },
    {
     "town": "Cromwell",
     "distance": 0.3661
    },
    {
     "town": "Suffield",
     "distance": 0.4049
    },
    {
     "town": "Oxford",
     "distance": 0.4642
    },
    {
     "town": "Windsor Locks",
     "distance": 0.484
    },
    {
     "town": "Cheshire",
     "distance": 0.5332
    },
    {
     "town": "East Hampton",
     "distance": 0.5383
    },
    {
     "town": "Newington",
     "distance": 0.559
    },
    {
     "town": "Watertown",
     "distance": 0.5955
    },
    {
     "town": "Southbury",
     "distance": 0.6513
    },
    {
     "town": "Brookfield",
     "distance": 0.653
    },
    {
     "town": "Newtown",
     "distance": 0.6572
    },
    {
     "town": "Coventry",
     "distance": 0.6695
    },
    {
     "town": "Wallingford",
     "distance": 0.6827
    },
    {
     "town": "Prospect",
     "distance": 0.7004
    },
    {
     "town": "North Branford",
     "distance": 0.7196
    },
    {
     "town": "Wethersfield",
     "distance": 0.7233
    },
    {
     "town": "Haddam",
     "distance": 0.7307
    },
    {
     "town": "Seymour",
     "distance": 0.7517
    },
    {
     "town": "Groton",
     "distance": 0.7523
    },
    {
     "town": "Guilford",
     "distance": 0.7576
    },
    {
     "town": "Killingly",
     "distance": 0.7679
    },
    {
     "town": "Southington",
     "distance": 0.7905
    },
    {
     "town": "Bethel",
     "distance": 0.7966
    },
    {
     "town": "Canton",
     "distance": 0.8146
    },
    {
     "town": "Plainfield",
     "distance": 0.8232
    },
    {
     "town": "Burlington",
     "distance": 0.8241
    },
    {
     "town": "Stratford",
     "distance": 0.8262
    },
    {
     "town": "Granby",
     "distance": 0.8306
    },
    {
     "town": "Waterford",
     "distance": 0.8423
    },
    {
     "town": "Bloomfield",
     "distance": 0.8471
    },
    {
     "town": "Somers",
     "distance": 0.8557
    },
    {
     "town": "Shelton",
     "distance": 0.8811
    },
    {
     "town": "Ellington",
     "distance": 0.8964
    },
    {
     "town": "Colchester",
     "distance": 0.9003
    },
    {
     "town": "Clinton",
     "distance": 0.9184
    },
    {
     "town": "Plainville",
     "distance": 0.9392
    },
    {
     "town": "Farmington",
     "distance": 0.9526
    },
    {
     "town": "Durham",
     "distance": 0.9668
    },
    {
     "town": "Middlebury",
     "distance": 0.9673
    },
    {
     "town": "New Hartford",
     "distance": 0.9735
    },
    {
     "town": "New Fairfield",
     "distance": 0.9807
    },
    {
     "town": "Woodstock",
     "distance": 0.9813
    },
    {
     "town": "Lebanon",
     "distance": 1.0109
    },
    {
     "town": "Portland",
     "distance": 1.0178
    },
    {
     "town": "Hebron",
     "distance": 1.0225
    },
    {
     "town": "Harwinton",
     "distance": 1.0612
    },
    {
     "town": "Stafford",
     "distance": 1.0618
    },
    {
     "town": "Montville",
     "distance": 1.0735
    },
    {
     "town": "Brooklyn",
     "distance": 1.0795
    },
    {
     "town": "Wolcott",
     "distance": 1.0846
    },
    {
     "town": "Ledyard",
     "distance": 1.0885
    },
    {
     "town": "Madison",
     "distance": 1.089
    },
    {
     "town": "Putnam",
     "distance": 1.0935
    },
    {
     "town": "Marlborough",
     "distance": 1.1166
    },
    {
     "town": "Tolland",
     "distance": 1.1599
    },
    {
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 },
 "target_statewide_percentiles": {
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 }
}